Pullbacks #
We define a category WalkingCospan
(resp. WalkingSpan
), which is the index category
for the given data for a pullback (resp. pushout) diagram. Convenience methods cospan f g
and span f g
construct functors from the walking (co)span, hitting the given morphisms.
We define pullback f g
and pushout f g
as limits and colimits of such functors.
References #
The type of objects for the diagram indexing a pullback, defined as a special case of
WidePullbackShape
.
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The left point of the walking cospan.
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The right point of the walking cospan.
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The central point of the walking cospan.
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The type of objects for the diagram indexing a pushout, defined as a special case of
WidePushoutShape
.
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The left point of the walking span.
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The right point of the walking span.
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The central point of the walking span.
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The type of arrows for the diagram indexing a pullback.
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.WalkingCospan.Hom = CategoryTheory.Limits.WidePullbackShape.Hom
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The left arrow of the walking cospan.
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The right arrow of the walking cospan.
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The identity arrows of the walking cospan.
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- (_ : Subsingleton (X ⟶ Y)) = (_ : Subsingleton (X ⟶ Y))
The type of arrows for the diagram indexing a pushout.
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.WalkingSpan.Hom = CategoryTheory.Limits.WidePushoutShape.Hom
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The left arrow of the walking span.
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The right arrow of the walking span.
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The identity arrows of the walking span.
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- (_ : Subsingleton (X ⟶ Y)) = (_ : Subsingleton (X ⟶ Y))
To construct an isomorphism of cones over the walking cospan,
it suffices to construct an isomorphism
of the cone points and check it commutes with the legs to left
and right
.
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To construct an isomorphism of cocones over the walking span,
it suffices to construct an isomorphism
of the cocone points and check it commutes with the legs from left
and right
.
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cospan f g
is the functor from the walking cospan hitting f
and g
.
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span f g
is the functor from the walking span hitting f
and g
.
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Every diagram indexing a pullback is naturally isomorphic (actually, equal) to a cospan
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Every diagram indexing a pushout is naturally isomorphic (actually, equal) to a span
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A functor applied to a cospan is a cospan.
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A functor applied to a span is a span.
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Construct an isomorphism of cospans from components.
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Construct an isomorphism of spans from components.
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A pullback cone is just a cone on the cospan formed by two morphisms f : X ⟶ Z
and
g : Y ⟶ Z
.
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The first projection of a pullback cone.
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The second projection of a pullback cone.
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This is a slightly more convenient method to verify that a pullback cone is a limit cone. It only asks for a proof of facts that carry any mathematical content
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.PullbackCone.isLimitAux t lift fac_left fac_right uniq = CategoryTheory.Limits.IsLimit.mk lift
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This is another convenient method to verify that a pullback cone is a limit cone. It
only asks for a proof of facts that carry any mathematical content, and allows access to the
same s
for all parts.
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A pullback cone on f
and g
is determined by morphisms fst : W ⟶ X
and snd : W ⟶ Y
such that fst ≫ f = snd ≫ g
.
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To check whether a morphism is equalized by the maps of a pullback cone, it suffices to check
it for fst t
and snd t
To construct an isomorphism of pullback cones, it suffices to construct an isomorphism
of the cone points and check it commutes with fst
and snd
.
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If t
is a limit pullback cone over f
and g
and h : W ⟶ X
and k : W ⟶ Y
are such that
h ≫ f = k ≫ g
, then we get l : W ⟶ t.pt
, which satisfies l ≫ fst t = h
and l ≫ snd t = k
, see IsLimit.lift_fst
and IsLimit.lift_snd
.
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.PullbackCone.IsLimit.lift ht h k w = ht.lift (CategoryTheory.Limits.PullbackCone.mk h k w)
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If t
is a limit pullback cone over f
and g
and h : W ⟶ X
and k : W ⟶ Y
are such that
h ≫ f = k ≫ g
, then we have l : W ⟶ t.pt
satisfying l ≫ fst t = h
and l ≫ snd t = k
.
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This is a more convenient formulation to show that a PullbackCone
constructed using
PullbackCone.mk
is a limit cone.
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The pullback cone obtained by flipping fst
and snd
.
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Flipping a pullback cone twice gives an isomorphic cone.
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The flip of a pullback square is a pullback square.
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A square is a pullback square if its flip is.
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The pullback cone (𝟙 X, 𝟙 X)
for the pair (f, f)
is a limit if f
is a mono. The converse is
shown in mono_of_pullback_is_id
.
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f
is a mono if the pullback cone (𝟙 X, 𝟙 X)
is a limit for the pair (f, f)
. The converse is
given in PullbackCone.is_id_of_mono
.
Suppose f
and g
are two morphisms with a common codomain and s
is a limit cone over the
diagram formed by f
and g
. Suppose f
and g
both factor through a monomorphism h
via
x
and y
, respectively. Then s
is also a limit cone over the diagram formed by x
and
y
.
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If W
is the pullback of f, g
,
it is also the pullback of f ≫ i, g ≫ i
for any mono i
.
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A pushout cocone is just a cocone on the span formed by two morphisms f : X ⟶ Y
and
g : X ⟶ Z
.
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The first inclusion of a pushout cocone.
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The second inclusion of a pushout cocone.
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This is a slightly more convenient method to verify that a pushout cocone is a colimit cocone. It only asks for a proof of facts that carry any mathematical content
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.PushoutCocone.isColimitAux t desc fac_left fac_right uniq = CategoryTheory.Limits.IsColimit.mk desc
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This is another convenient method to verify that a pushout cocone is a colimit cocone. It
only asks for a proof of facts that carry any mathematical content, and allows access to the
same s
for all parts.
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A pushout cocone on f
and g
is determined by morphisms inl : Y ⟶ W
and inr : Z ⟶ W
such
that f ≫ inl = g ↠ inr
.
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To check whether a morphism is coequalized by the maps of a pushout cocone, it suffices to check
it for inl t
and inr t
If t
is a colimit pushout cocone over f
and g
and h : Y ⟶ W
and k : Z ⟶ W
are
morphisms satisfying f ≫ h = g ≫ k
, then we have a factorization l : t.pt ⟶ W
such that
inl t ≫ l = h
and inr t ≫ l = k
, see IsColimit.inl_desc
and IsColimit.inr_desc
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.PushoutCocone.IsColimit.desc ht h k w = ht.desc (CategoryTheory.Limits.PushoutCocone.mk h k w)
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If t
is a colimit pushout cocone over f
and g
and h : Y ⟶ W
and k : Z ⟶ W
are
morphisms satisfying f ≫ h = g ≫ k
, then we have a factorization l : t.pt ⟶ W
such that
inl t ≫ l = h
and inr t ≫ l = k
.
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To construct an isomorphism of pushout cocones, it suffices to construct an isomorphism
of the cocone points and check it commutes with inl
and inr
.
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This is a more convenient formulation to show that a PushoutCocone
constructed using
PushoutCocone.mk
is a colimit cocone.
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The pushout cocone obtained by flipping inl
and inr
.
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Flipping a pushout cocone twice gives an isomorphic cocone.
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The flip of a pushout square is a pushout square.
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A square is a pushout square if its flip is.
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The pushout cocone (𝟙 X, 𝟙 X)
for the pair (f, f)
is a colimit if f
is an epi. The converse is
shown in epi_of_isColimit_mk_id_id
.
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f
is an epi if the pushout cocone (𝟙 X, 𝟙 X)
is a colimit for the pair (f, f)
.
The converse is given in PushoutCocone.isColimitMkIdId
.
Suppose f
and g
are two morphisms with a common domain and s
is a colimit cocone over the
diagram formed by f
and g
. Suppose f
and g
both factor through an epimorphism h
via
x
and y
, respectively. Then s
is also a colimit cocone over the diagram formed by x
and
y
.
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If W
is the pushout of f, g
,
it is also the pushout of h ≫ f, h ≫ g
for any epi h
.
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This is a helper construction that can be useful when verifying that a category has all
pullbacks. Given F : WalkingCospan ⥤ C
, which is really the same as
cospan (F.map inl) (F.map inr)
, and a pullback cone on F.map inl
and F.map inr
, we
get a cone on F
.
If you're thinking about using this, have a look at hasPullbacks_of_hasLimit_cospan
,
which you may find to be an easier way of achieving your goal.
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.Cone.ofPullbackCone t = { pt := t.pt, π := CategoryTheory.CategoryStruct.comp t.π (CategoryTheory.Limits.diagramIsoCospan F).inv }
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This is a helper construction that can be useful when verifying that a category has all
pushout. Given F : WalkingSpan ⥤ C
, which is really the same as
span (F.map fst) (F.map snd)
, and a pushout cocone on F.map fst
and F.map snd
,
we get a cocone on F
.
If you're thinking about using this, have a look at hasPushouts_of_hasColimit_span
, which
you may find to be an easier way of achieving your goal.
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.Cocone.ofPushoutCocone t = { pt := t.pt, ι := CategoryTheory.CategoryStruct.comp (CategoryTheory.Limits.diagramIsoSpan F).hom t.ι }
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Given F : WalkingCospan ⥤ C
, which is really the same as cospan (F.map inl) (F.map inr)
,
and a cone on F
, we get a pullback cone on F.map inl
and F.map inr
.
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.PullbackCone.ofCone t = { pt := t.pt, π := CategoryTheory.CategoryStruct.comp t.π (CategoryTheory.Limits.diagramIsoCospan F).hom }
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A diagram WalkingCospan ⥤ C
is isomorphic to some PullbackCone.mk
after
composing with diagramIsoCospan
.
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Given F : WalkingSpan ⥤ C
, which is really the same as span (F.map fst) (F.map snd)
,
and a cocone on F
, we get a pushout cocone on F.map fst
and F.map snd
.
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.PushoutCocone.ofCocone t = { pt := t.pt, ι := CategoryTheory.CategoryStruct.comp (CategoryTheory.Limits.diagramIsoSpan F).inv t.ι }
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A diagram WalkingSpan ⥤ C
is isomorphic to some PushoutCocone.mk
after composing with
diagramIsoSpan
.
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HasPullback f g
represents a particular choice of limiting cone
for the pair of morphisms f : X ⟶ Z
and g : Y ⟶ Z
.
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HasPushout f g
represents a particular choice of colimiting cocone
for the pair of morphisms f : X ⟶ Y
and g : X ⟶ Z
.
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pullback f g
computes the pullback of a pair of morphisms with the same target.
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pushout f g
computes the pushout of a pair of morphisms with the same source.
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The first projection of the pullback of f
and g
.
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.fst = CategoryTheory.Limits.limit.π (CategoryTheory.Limits.cospan f g) CategoryTheory.Limits.WalkingCospan.left
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The second projection of the pullback of f
and g
.
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.snd = CategoryTheory.Limits.limit.π (CategoryTheory.Limits.cospan f g) CategoryTheory.Limits.WalkingCospan.right
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The first inclusion into the pushout of f
and g
.
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inl = CategoryTheory.Limits.colimit.ι (CategoryTheory.Limits.span f g) CategoryTheory.Limits.WalkingSpan.left
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The second inclusion into the pushout of f
and g
.
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- CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inr = CategoryTheory.Limits.colimit.ι (CategoryTheory.Limits.span f g) CategoryTheory.Limits.WalkingSpan.right
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A pair of morphisms h : W ⟶ X
and k : W ⟶ Y
satisfying h ≫ f = k ≫ g
induces a morphism
pullback.lift : W ⟶ pullback f g
.
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A pair of morphisms h : Y ⟶ W
and k : Z ⟶ W
satisfying f ≫ h = g ≫ k
induces a morphism
pushout.desc : pushout f g ⟶ W
.
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A pair of morphisms h : W ⟶ X
and k : W ⟶ Y
satisfying h ≫ f = k ≫ g
induces a morphism
l : W ⟶ pullback f g
such that l ≫ pullback.fst = h
and l ≫ pullback.snd = k
.
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A pair of morphisms h : Y ⟶ W
and k : Z ⟶ W
satisfying f ≫ h = g ≫ k
induces a morphism
l : pushout f g ⟶ W
such that pushout.inl ≫ l = h
and pushout.inr ≫ l = k
.
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Given such a diagram, then there is a natural morphism W ×ₛ X ⟶ Y ×ₜ Z
.
W ⟶ Y ↘ ↘ S ⟶ T ↗ ↗ X ⟶ Z
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The canonical map X ×ₛ Y ⟶ X ×ₜ Y
given S ⟶ T
.
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Given such a diagram, then there is a natural morphism W ⨿ₛ X ⟶ Y ⨿ₜ Z
.
W ⟶ Y
↗ ↗ S ⟶ T ↘ ↘ X ⟶ Z
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The canonical map X ⨿ₛ Y ⟶ X ⨿ₜ Y
given S ⟶ T
.
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Two morphisms into a pullback are equal if their compositions with the pullback morphisms are equal
The pullback cone built from the pullback projections is a pullback.
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The pullback of a monomorphism is a monomorphism
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The pullback of a monomorphism is a monomorphism
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The map X ×[Z] Y ⟶ X × Y
is mono.
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Two morphisms out of a pushout are equal if their compositions with the pushout morphisms are equal
The pushout cocone built from the pushout coprojections is a pushout.
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The pushout of an epimorphism is an epimorphism
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The pushout of an epimorphism is an epimorphism
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The map X ⨿ Y ⟶ X ⨿[Z] Y
is epi.
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso (CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.map f₁ f₂ g₁ g₂ i₁ i₂ i₃ eq₁ eq₂)) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso (CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.map f₁ f₂ g₁ g₂ i₁ i₂ i₃ eq₁ eq₂))
If f₁ = f₂
and g₁ = g₂
, we may construct a canonical
isomorphism pullback f₁ g₁ ≅ pullback f₂ g₂
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso (CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.map f₁ f₂ g₁ g₂ i₁ i₂ i₃ eq₁ eq₂)) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso (CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.map f₁ f₂ g₁ g₂ i₁ i₂ i₃ eq₁ eq₂))
If f₁ = f₂
and g₁ = g₂
, we may construct a canonical
isomorphism pushout f₁ g₁ ≅ pullback f₂ g₂
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The comparison morphism for the pullback of f,g
.
This is an isomorphism iff G
preserves the pullback of f,g
; see
CategoryTheory/Limits/Preserves/Shapes/Pullbacks.lean
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The comparison morphism for the pushout of f,g
.
This is an isomorphism iff G
preserves the pushout of f,g
; see
CategoryTheory/Limits/Preserves/Shapes/Pullbacks.lean
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Making this a global instance would make the typeclass search go in an infinite loop.
The isomorphism X ×[Z] Y ≅ Y ×[Z] X
.
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Making this a global instance would make the typeclass search go in an infinite loop.
The isomorphism Y ⨿[X] Z ≅ Z ⨿[X] Y
.
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The pullback of f, g
is also the pullback of f ≫ i, g ≫ i
for any mono i
.
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If f : X ⟶ Z
is iso, then X ×[Z] Y ≅ Y
. This is the explicit limit cone.
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Verify that the constructed limit cone is indeed a limit.
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.snd) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.snd)
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.snd) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.snd)
If g : Y ⟶ Z
is iso, then X ×[Z] Y ≅ X
. This is the explicit limit cone.
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Verify that the constructed limit cone is indeed a limit.
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.fst) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.fst)
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.fst) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.fst)
The pushout of f, g
is also the pullback of h ≫ f, h ≫ g
for any epi h
.
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If f : X ⟶ Y
is iso, then Y ⨿[X] Z ≅ Z
. This is the explicit colimit cocone.
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Verify that the constructed cocone is indeed a colimit.
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inr) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inr)
Equations
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inr) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inr)
If f : X ⟶ Z
is iso, then Y ⨿[X] Z ≅ Y
. This is the explicit colimit cocone.
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Verify that the constructed cocone is indeed a colimit.
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Equations
- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inl) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inl)
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inl) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inl)
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.Limits.HasPullback f f) = (_ : CategoryTheory.Limits.HasLimit (CategoryTheory.Limits.cospan f f))
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.fst) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.fst)
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.snd) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pullback.snd)
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.Limits.HasPushout f f) = (_ : CategoryTheory.Limits.HasColimit (CategoryTheory.Limits.span f f))
Equations
- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inl) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inl)
Equations
- (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inr) = (_ : CategoryTheory.IsIso CategoryTheory.Limits.pushout.inr)
Given
X₁ - f₁ -> X₂ - f₂ -> X₃ | | | i₁ i₂ i₃ ∨ ∨ ∨ Y₁ - g₁ -> Y₂ - g₂ -> Y₃
Then the big square is a pullback if both the small squares are.
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Given
X₁ - f₁ -> X₂ - f₂ -> X₃ | | | i₁ i₂ i₃ ∨ ∨ ∨ Y₁ - g₁ -> Y₂ - g₂ -> Y₃
Then the big square is a pushout if both the small squares are.
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Given
X₁ - f₁ -> X₂ - f₂ -> X₃ | | | i₁ i₂ i₃ ∨ ∨ ∨ Y₁ - g₁ -> Y₂ - g₂ -> Y₃
Then the left square is a pullback if the right square and the big square are.
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Given
X₁ - f₁ -> X₂ - f₂ -> X₃ | | | i₁ i₂ i₃ ∨ ∨ ∨ Y₁ - g₁ -> Y₂ - g₂ -> Y₃
Then the right square is a pushout if the left square and the big square are.
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The canonical isomorphism W ×[X] (X ×[Z] Y) ≅ W ×[Z] Y
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The canonical isomorphism (Y ⨿[X] Z) ⨿[Z] W ≅ Y ×[X] W
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(X₁ ×[Y₁] X₂) ×[Y₂] X₃
is the pullback (X₁ ×[Y₁] X₂) ×[X₂] (X₂ ×[Y₂] X₃)
.
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(X₁ ×[Y₁] X₂) ×[Y₂] X₃
is the pullback X₁ ×[Y₁] (X₂ ×[Y₂] X₃)
.
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X₁ ×[Y₁] (X₂ ×[Y₂] X₃)
is the pullback (X₁ ×[Y₁] X₂) ×[X₂] (X₂ ×[Y₂] X₃)
.
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X₁ ×[Y₁] (X₂ ×[Y₂] X₃)
is the pullback (X₁ ×[Y₁] X₂) ×[Y₂] X₃
.
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The canonical isomorphism (X₁ ×[Y₁] X₂) ×[Y₂] X₃ ≅ X₁ ×[Y₁] (X₂ ×[Y₂] X₃)
.
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(X₁ ⨿[Z₁] X₂) ⨿[Z₂] X₃
is the pushout (X₁ ⨿[Z₁] X₂) ×[X₂] (X₂ ⨿[Z₂] X₃)
.
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(X₁ ⨿[Z₁] X₂) ⨿[Z₂] X₃
is the pushout X₁ ⨿[Z₁] (X₂ ⨿[Z₂] X₃)
.
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X₁ ⨿[Z₁] (X₂ ⨿[Z₂] X₃)
is the pushout (X₁ ⨿[Z₁] X₂) ×[X₂] (X₂ ⨿[Z₂] X₃)
.
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X₁ ⨿[Z₁] (X₂ ⨿[Z₂] X₃)
is the pushout (X₁ ⨿[Z₁] X₂) ⨿[Z₂] X₃
.
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The canonical isomorphism (X₁ ⨿[Z₁] X₂) ⨿[Z₂] X₃ ≅ X₁ ⨿[Z₁] (X₂ ⨿[Z₂] X₃)
.
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HasPullbacks
represents a choice of pullback for every pair of morphisms
See
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HasPushouts
represents a choice of pushout for every pair of morphisms
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If C
has all limits of diagrams cospan f g
, then it has all pullbacks
If C
has all colimits of diagrams span f g
, then it has all pushouts
The duality equivalence WalkingSpanᵒᵖ ≌ WalkingCospan
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The duality equivalence WalkingCospanᵒᵖ ≌ WalkingSpan
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Having wide pullback at any universe level implies having binary pullbacks.
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.Limits.HasPullbacks D) = (_ : CategoryTheory.Limits.HasPullbacks D)
Having wide pushout at any universe level implies having binary pushouts.
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- (_ : CategoryTheory.Limits.HasPushouts D) = (_ : CategoryTheory.Limits.HasPushouts D)
Given a morphism f : X ⟶ Y
, we can take morphisms over Y
to morphisms over X
via
pullbacks. This is right adjoint to over.map
(TODO)
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